Kai Vetter

Kai Vetter

Professor
Director, Institute for Resilience Communities
Head of Applied Physics Program
Nuclear Science Division
LBNL

1995 PhD, Physics, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt (Nuclear Physics)
1990 M.S., Physics, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt (Nuclear Physics)
1987 B.S., Physics, Technical University, Darmstadt (Physics)

Contact

4171 Etcheverry Hall
E-mail: kvetter@berkeley.edu, kvetter@lbl.gov
Phone: 510-642-7071
510-486-4293
Website: http://radwatch.berkeley.edu
http://www.irc-berkeley.org/
http://anp.lbl.gov/

Biography

Prof. Vetter’s research interests are in the development and demonstration of new concepts and technologies in radiation detection to address some of the outstanding challenges in fundamental sciences, nuclear safety and security, and health.

Current focus areas are in the realization of advanced radiation detection and imaging concepts and systems, real-time data fusion creating new means to detect, map, and visualize radiation, and finally data management, data analytics, and deployment architectures to support the development and deployment of these advanced concepts.

Prof. Vetter is also director of Institute for Resilient Communities that was established in 2015 to address the need to better integrate advancements in sciences and technologies with communities through education and outreach locally and globally. He initiated and still leads the Berkeley Radwatch and DoseNet activities with the goal to engage high and middle schools in performing environmental measurements employing fundamental science and engineering concepts and to expand across regions, nations, and cultures.

He has authored and co-authored about 200 publications in peer-reviewed journals and is fellow of the American Physical Society. He received Presidential Citations from the American Nuclear Society twice, for his engagement in Fukushima through measurements and enhancing community resilience.

Research (ongoing research and new research opportunities)

Research Themes ...

Radiation detection and imaging
Multi-sensor systems and networks and data fusion
Utilization of computer vision and data analytics, including machine learning and artificial intelligence

... Applications ...

Nuclear security (proliferation detection, safeguards, materials and process monitoring, emergency response and consequence management)
Radiological safety (monitoring, decontamination and decommissioning, environmental and legacy management)
Fundamental physics (nuclear structure physics and properties of the neutrino)
Biomedical imaging (ion cancer therapy verification, targeted alpha therapy verification, multi-tracer imaging)
Radiological resilience

... and Outreach (& Training)

Berkeley Radwatch and DoseNet

Ongoing Research

We are engaged in a broad range of research activities related to radiation, radiation detection and imaging. In addition to developing new concepts and technologies in radiation detection and imaging, we combine them with the enormous advances in multi-sensor data fusion, computer vision, and data analytics. Several of our graduate students work with world-leading scientists at National Laboratories such as Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, or Los Alamos National Laboratory or at the Departments of Radiology and Radiation Oncology at UC San Francisco.

What is particularly exciting in our research is that we can map our technological advances to a wide range of applications in diverse fields such as fundamental physics, nuclear security and radiological safety, or biomedical imaging.

More specifically, our current students are engaging in the following research projects:

Demonstration and enhancement of Scene Data Fusion in complex environments
Scene Data Fusion (SDF) is a new concept that allows us to detect, map, and visualize sources of gamma radiation and neutrons in 3D and in near real-time on almost any platform including unoccupied aerial systems or ground robots. Over the last 10 years, we have deployed SDF in the evacuated areas in Fukushima Prefecture in Japan or on site of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS), on site of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP) and in Pripyat in Ukraine, in Germany, and across the U.S. At the core of our compact SDF enabled instruments is the Localization And Mapping Platform LAMP that consists of radiation detectors and imagers as well contextual sensors such as laser-based LiDAR, visual cameras, GPS and IMUs, batteries, and powerful single board computers. The radiation detection systems range from simple CsI(Tl) to new CLLBC scintillator or CdZnTe semiconductor detector arrays that can operate as powerful radiation imaging systems without using passive collimators. One of our students is currently working on the 3D radiation mapping from measurements in and around ChNPP, including the amusement park. The goal is to provide a 3D visualization of the remaining contamination and its quantification in these areas. This work is performed in collaborations with scientists of the Applied Nuclear Physics (ANP) program at LBNL.

Utilize new organic scintillators as structural components
We are exploring the new generation of plastic scintillation detectors that allow the detection of and discrimination between slow and fast neutrons and gamma rays in their use as structural components of small Unoccupied Aerial Systems (sUAS). A range of materials provided by LLNL are studied in optimizing optical and mechanical properties which led to the recent demonstration of a first “scintillation drone”. This project also entails the use these plastic scintillators to complement existing CLLBC-based gamma-ray and neutron detection and imaging systems by providing fast neutron detection and means of active moderation. These tri-modal systems are combined with Berkeley Lab’s LAMP system providing Scene-Data Fusion capabilities for all modes we deploy in hand portable configurations, on drones, or on robots.

Immersive Operation and Visualization of a Semi-Autonomous Aerial Platform for Detecting and Mapping Radiation
A team of undergraduate and graduate students from UC Berkeley’s Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department is working with us to develop new means to visualize and control our small Unoccupied Aerial Systems. A new immersive Virtual Reality (VR) framework has been developed that allows us to integrate and to visualize and to control SDF enabled sUASs and our scintillation drones. It also allows us to control multiple sUAS with different objectives such as the 3D mapping of environments or the search of radioactive materials.

Advanced data reconstruction concepts in the localization and mapping of radioactive sources
Being able to localize and map radiation sources and extended radiological contaminations with simple radiation detectors remains a challenge in radiological safety and nuclear security. One of our students is developing new concepts in the reconstruction of extended radioactive contamination with simple radiation detectors with the goal to overcome limitations of conventional iterative methodologies such as Maximum-Likelihood Expectation Maximization which bias the reconstructed activities towards the path of the instrument.

Study of advanced concepts in the monitoring of nuclear reprocessing facilities
The goal of IAEA safeguards is to provide timely detection of the diversion of a significant quantity of nuclear material. This is a challenging goal for facilities that handle nuclear materials in bulk forms. The goal here is to develop unique methods to design and operate reprocessing facilities and other nuclear material bulk handling facilities, including molten salt reactors (MSRs), to enable the detection of inadvertent or deliberate hold up of fissionable material with high confidence and low false-positive rates. We are combining advanced concepts in radiation detection and imaging, in modeling and simulations, and in fault detection to achieve these goals.

Development of ultra-fast scintillators
Being able to determine the incident time of radiation such as gamma rays is of great importance in wide range of applications in nuclear and particle physics experiments, proliferation detection and emergency response, and biomedical imaging. Our research covers the study of fast scintillation mechanisms (e.g. as found in BaF2) or Cherenkov radiation and their readouts. We are working with scientists from LANL and LBNL to map our advancements to different applications.

Study of light transport properties in Water-Based Liquid Scintillators
Water-Based Liquid Scintillators (WBLS) promise affordable scaling of radiation detectors to unprecedented volumes (>100,000 metric tons) that could be of relevance for the detection of a range of fundamental particles including (anti) neutrinos, whether for fundamental studies or the detection and monitoring of (anti) neutrino-producing nuclear reactors. Studies to better understand attenuation and scattering properties of light created in these materials are necessary to optimize the design and readouts of such very large detection volumes. We work with scientists at LLNL and perform measurements to characterize fundamental light transport properties in WBLS.

Development and demonstration of a large area and field-of-view cylindrical active mask gamma-ray imaging system - CAMIS
The detection, localization, and tracking of illicit nuclear materials at standoff distances of hundreds of meters remains a challenge. We have developed a large area cylindrical gamma-ray imaging system that consists or 128 (10cm)3 NaI(Tl) detectors which serve as detectors and active coded-mask elements simultaneously. This instrument represents the extension of previous developments of spherical and cubical arrangements of smaller CdZnTe and CLLBC detector elements that are deployed in hand-portable formats or on remotely operating unoccupied vehicles. CAMIS will be mounted on a van and will provide detection, localization, and source tracking capabilities at more than 100-meter distances.

Development of new concepts in the imaging of prompt gamma rays for proton therapy verification
External ion-beam cancer therapy is becoming widely used globally due to its promise in high radiobiological effectiveness due to the delivery of a well localized and high specific energy loss associated with the Bragg peak. One of the outstanding challenges limiting the realization of its full potential is the uncertainty associated with the range of the ions in tissue. We have been developing an advanced gamma-ray imaging system that allows the in-situ estimation of the ion range by using a new two-dimensional knife-edge collimator. Our feasibility studies indicate that we can achieve the necessary high sensitivity and high spatial resolution with the potential to determine the range for each spot of the pencil-beam based raster scan during a treatment.

Development of new concepts in the study of targeted alpha therapy
Recent studies show the enormous potential of using alpha particles emitted from radionuclides that are attached to specific cancer targeting agents to treat even advanced and highly metastasized cancer. Of specific interest is Ac-225 which emits four alpha particles in its decay chain. Although extremely promising, questions remain about the kinetics of the alpha-particle emitting radionuclides. Gamma rays which are also emitted in the decays of Ac-225 could be used to better understand the relevant bio-distribution providing important insights into the effectiveness of specific agents. The challenge in using conventional means of biomedical imaging is the high spatial resolution of ~mm and the very high sensitivity needed in order to perform such studies as the Ac-225 concentration that is being used is much lower than in conventional studies. This challenge is compounded by the different gamma-ray energies which could be used as a fingerprint of the different decay daughters and their energies being higher than the ones typically used in state-of-the art gamma-ray imaging instruments. We are performing feasibility studies with our 3D-position sensitive high-purity Ge detector-based dual-modality coded aperture and Compton imaging instrument what provides high sensitivity and high resolution over the range of gamma-ray energies needed for these studies.

Research Opportunities

We have several opportunities for graduate (and undergraduate) students on the following topics:

Integration of active and passive interrogation, detection, and localization of nuclear materials with SDF on robotics platforms
In the past, we have demonstrated 3D Scene Data Fusion (SDF) in hand portable configurations, on ground robots, and unoccupied aerial systems with gamma-ray and neutron detectors and imagers in areas such as Fukushima, Chernobyl, or on or around nuclear facilities in the U.S. We plan to expand this concept by integrating it with neutron generators to enable the creation, detection, and characterization of nuclear signatures from remotely operating platforms such as ground robots. This work will be performed in collaboration with scientists from the Applied Nuclear Physics program within the Nuclear Science Division and the Accelerator Technologies and Applied Physics Division at Berkeley Lab.

Enhancing Chemical and Radiological and Nuclear Detection and Tracking Capabilities
This project aims at substantially enhancing Chemical and Radiological and Nuclear (R/N) detection and tracking capabilities to detect and prevent the illicit use of unauthorized materials, devices, or agents. This will be achieved by systematically deploying integrated chemical and R/N and contextual sensors in indoor and outdoor environments as networks and by advancing state-of-the-art detection and tracking algorithms and normalcy models. Specifically, we will improve the discrimination of benign environmental and human-induced background variations from threat materials and behavior which remains one of the outstanding challenges in detecting weak chemical and R/N signatures. Contextual sensors such as visual cameras in combination with the chemical and R/N sensors will enable the optimization in the detection, labeling, and tracking of specific objects even in crowded and cluttered environments yielding actionable information for human operators. We will utilize and enhance current concepts in machine learning and artificial intelligence by utilizing the new sets of data that will be collected.

Fast timing detection systems for medical imaging, physics experiments, and nuclear security
The development of new materials and concepts to improve time resolution and counting rate capabilities can improve capabilities in biomedical imaging, nuclear and particle physics, and in emergency response and consequence management. Specifically for Positron Emission Tomography or in combination with advanced particle accelerators and photon sources which are characterized by high brilliance and unprecedented fast timing, there is a need for fast radiation detectors.

Verification of Highly Radio-Biological Effective Cancer Therapy
We plan to continue our research in the study and verification of high RBE cancer therapy, including external ion-beam and targeted alpha particle therapy. Of particular interest is the feasibility study of in-situ range verification via imaging prompt gamma rays at a proton cancer therapy facility and proton beams of up to 250 MeV and the refinement in our approach to image the radionuclide-specific bio-distribution of Ac-225 labelled radiopharmaceuticals.

5G-Enabled Networked Radiation Detection
There are multiple opportunities for students to participate in research at Berkeley Lab associated with the development of multi-sensor networks for radiological/nuclear detection, novel 5G and wireless research, and machine learning. Networks of multi-sensor systems that combine radiation detectors with contextual sensors such as video, Lidar, weather, and acoustic sensors have the potential to provide new capabilities for the detection, localization, and tracking of radiological/nuclear source in complex environments. The advent of 5G wireless communication will enable high-density networks to operate with low latency and high data rates, and to seamlessly integrate AI at both the edge and in High Performance Computing (HPC).
Research opportunities in this area include:

Design and development of multi-sensor systems that combine radiation detectors with contextual sensors such as video, Lidar, and weather sensors.
Analysis of data from fielded systems and the development of algorithms for real-time sensor processing and network self-optimization.
Evaluation of 5G for radiological/nuclear detection and optimization of network design in the context of 5G capabilities.
Exploitation of 5G signal propagation for environmental sensing.

Honors, Awards, and Professional Activities

Honors and Awards:

2020 R&D100 Award: Neutron-Gamma Localization and Mapping Platform

2018 R&D100 Award: Portable Radiation Imaging, Spectroscopy and Mapping

2015 Presidential Citation, American Nuclear Society; Citation recognizes leadership in enhancing Community Resilience

2015 Elected as Fellow of the American Physical Society

2012 Presidential Citation, American Nuclear Society; Citation recognizes leadership in communications after Fukushima

2006 Edward Teller Fellowship Award, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

1997 Outstanding Performance Award, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

1995 Fellowship, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

1990 Graduated Summa Cum Laude (University of Frankfurt)

Professional Activities:

Since 2015 Director, Institute for Resilient Communities, Berkeley, CA

Since 2015 Chair, Symposia Series: “International Symposium for Community Resilience”, Berkeley, CA, Koriyama City, Japan

12/14 Member, Advisory Committee, Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI

Since 2014 Founding member, UC Berkeley/ UC San Francisco Medical Physics PhD Program Committee

2013 Chair, “International Spring School in Digital Signal Processing for Radiation Detection”, UC Berkeley, CA

2013 Member, Opportunity Board, LBNL

2012 Co-Chair, Program Committee, Symposium of Radiation Measurements and Applications, Berkeley, CA

Since 2011 Leader, Berkeley Radwatch program, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA

2010 Co-Chair, “Workshop on Germanium-Based Detectors and Technologies”, Berkeley, CA

Since 2009 Advisory to Advanced Technology Demonstration projects for DHS/DNDO, technical support in several radiation detection programs for DNDO, Washington D.C.

Since 2008 Co-Chair, “International Advanced Summer School in Radiation Detection and Measurements”, Berkeley, CA, 2008, Tokyo, Japan, 2009, Berkeley, CA, 2010, and Technical University Munich, Germany, 2011

2011 Co-Chair, Program Committee, Symposium of Radiation Measurements and Applications, Berkeley, CA

2010 Workshop on Germanium-Based Detectors and Technologies, Berkeley, CA

2009-present Technical Support Advanced Technology Demonstration program for DHS/DNDO, Washington D.C.

2008-2009 Chair, Northern California Section of American Nuclear Society

2008 -present Co-Organizer, Advanced Summer School in Radiation Detection and Measurements, Berkeley, Tokyo, Munich

2007-2008 Chair-elect, Northern California Section of American Nuclear Society

2007 Organizer, Workshop for Detectors and Detector Configuration for the Majorana Experiment, Seattle, WA

2005-2011 Member, Technical Council for Majorana

2004-2011 Member, Gretina Advisory Committee

2004 Chair, session for SPECT imaging, DOE Workshop on Future of Gamma-Ray Imaging in MedicalScience

2003-2011 Member, Gretina Technical Review Committee for DOE

2003-2008 Member, Majorana Executive Committee

2003-2004 Member, Gretina Steering Committee

2002 Member, National Gamma-Ray Tracking Coordination Committee2001 Co-organizer, Workshop on Digital Signal Processing for Nuclear Physics Applications

2000 Chair, GRETA Working Group on Signal Processing and Gamma-Ray Tracking

2000-present Reviewer for IEEE Transactions in Nuclear Science

2000-present Reviewer for DOE Small Business Innovation Research Grant

1999-present Reviewer for Nuclear Instrumentation and Methods in Physics Research

1998-2006 Reviewer for Physical Review Letters and Physical Review C

Selected Publications